Dr Sean Hughes

March 2019

Background

The Patent in question related to a method of producing platelet rich plasma (PRP) from whole blood. The inventive concept was said to reside in a resuspension step that allowed preparation of PRP from whole blood using only one centrifugation step.

The issue of infringement hinged on whether the use of a separator tube comprising sodium citrate at a different molarity (0.136M) to that specified in the claims (0.10M) nevertheless infringed under the Doctrine of Equivalents.

The fundamental question to be answered was: How should the Actavis questions be applied to a numerical limitation?

Decision

Judge Hacon made a distinction between “the inventive concept” and “the invention”, noting that the invention is that which is claimed while, following Actavis, the inventive concept is what is protected (sometimes more than the claimed invention).

By way of reminder, the Actavis questions are as follows:-

1. Notwithstanding that it is not within the literal meaning of the relevant claim(s) of the patent, does the variant achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way as the invention, i.e. the inventive concept revealed by the patent?
2. Would it be obvious to the person skilled in the art, reading the patent at the priority date, but knowing that the variant achieves substantially the same result as the invention, that it does so in substantially the same way as the invention?
3. Would such a reader of the patent have concluded that the patentee nonetheless intended that strict compliance with the literal meaning of the relevant claim(s) of the patent was an essential requirement of the invention?

The judge noted that questions (i) and (ii) could clearly be answered “yes”.

Question (iii), on the other hand, “would only be answered yes if there had been a sufficiently clear indication to the skilled person that strict compliance with the figure of 0.10M was intended”. Without such a clear indication in the specification or the common general knowledge, Judge Hacon stated that no such indication was present.

Therefore, to the extent that the Patent was valid (not found to be valid in this case), the Patent was infringed under the Doctrine of Equivalents.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it appears that a claim specifically stating a numerical limitation does not provide much legal certainty for a third party. This, of course, favours the Patentee in that simple workarounds cannot easily be produced to avoid infringing patent rights.

Nevertheless, poor drafting (i.e. through the addition of unnecessary limitations in a claim) appears to be forgiven under the Doctrine of Equivalents.

It is unclear whether, in the present case, infringement would have been found regardless of the Doctrine of Equivalents, e.g. through analysis of the case law regarding numerical limitations, ranges etc.

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